The collection of examples of things to draw with turtle graphics on this web site is widely influenced by things that are drawn with or influenced by math. Turtle Graphic excels at drawings that have traditionally been produce with a straight edge and compass. The collection of examples is here.
Arguably anything created with turtle graphics could be thought of as using math, since it uses numbers to express length, angles, counts and other attributes like color, width, and others. Mathematics itself studies tessellations (objects like tiles that fill a plane), geometric shapes (usually in two dimensions, but can be three or more), space filling curves, fractals, and various games. Some examples are here and here.
During the Golden Age of Islam (8th to 14th century), scholars developed knowledge in many fields including mathematics, science, art and architecture. One of the products is generally known as Islamic geometric art which uses figures drawn with a compass and straight edge to represent infinity. One form of Islamic geometric art is Girih which uses a set of geometric tiles to cover a plane and to create an intertwined strapping structure. The Islamic art of the Alhambra in Spain inspired M. C. Escher to “divide the plane” to find unusual shapes and figures that would tessellate. He also drew “impossible” objects that play with the mind’s view of various objects. A contemporary artist Steven Naifeh is inspired by the intersection of Islamic and western art.
Modern art includes minimalism and conceptual art, both of which were founded by Sol LeWitt. Conceptual art is where the concept of the artwork is a description and the implementation is left to draftsmen. The description is similar to an algorithm used by a computer to do some task.
Somehow I accidentally discovered vortex math, mainly by watching a You Tube video. The concept was simple enough and could easily be implemented in Turtle Graphics and results in some interesting graphics including some very unexpected daemons.
Art on a computer is represented by several formats. Which one is best depends upon what your needs are. This is discussed in JPEG-vs-PNG-vs-SVG.